/**
 * Block editor UUID synchronization for supported block types.
 *
 * Reads:
 *   wp.blocks.isUnmodifiedDefaultBlock - identifies Gutenberg's transient default block
 *   wp.data                            - block-editor store selectors, dispatch, and subscription
 *   wp.hooks.addFilter                 - block-type attribute registration
 *   window.mwpSfeEditorData.pristineDefaultBlocks - schema-declared transient default block types
 *
 * Exposes: SFE.BlockEditorUuid
 */

(function() {
	'use strict';

	window.MWP      = window.MWP || {};
	window.MWP.SFE  = window.MWP.SFE || {};
	const SFE       = window.MWP.SFE;
	SFE.ManagerData = SFE.ManagerData || {};

	// Get data from PHP.
	const { supportedMap, pristineDefaultBlocks, currentPostId } = window.mwpSfeEditorData || {};

	if (!supportedMap || !pristineDefaultBlocks || !currentPostId) {
		console.error('FrontEdit Manager: Missing editor data');
		return;
	}

	const supportedBlocks = Object.keys(supportedMap);
	const uuidAttr        = { type: 'string', default: '' };
	const { addFilter }   = wp.hooks;

	// --- A. Attribute Registration ---
	/**
	 * Register the UUID attrs on supported block types.
	 *
	 * @param   {Object} settings Gutenberg block settings.
	 * @param   {string} name     Block name.
	 * @returns {Object}          Updated block settings.
	 */
	function addUuidAttribute(settings, name) {
		if (supportedBlocks.includes(name)) {
			// Hoist UUID attrs to the front of the schema object.
			const { mwpSfeUuid: existingUuid, mwpSfeUuidShadow: existingShadow, ...restAttrs } =
				settings.attributes || {};
			const uuid = existingShadow !== undefined ? existingShadow :
				existingUuid !== undefined ? existingUuid :
					uuidAttr;
			settings.attributes = {
				mwpSfeUuid:       uuid,
				mwpSfeUuidShadow: uuid,
				...restAttrs,
			};
		}
		return settings;
	}
	addFilter('blocks.registerBlockType', 'mwp-sfe/add-uuid-attribute', addUuidAttribute);

	// --- B. UUID Management (Strict Format Enforcement) ---
	if (!SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry) { SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry = {}; }
	if (!SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry) { SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry = {}; }

	/**
	 * Return the block-editor selector when it is available.
	 *
	 * @returns {Object|null} Block editor selector, or null when unavailable.
	 */
	function getBlockEditorSelect() {
		if (!wp?.data?.select) {
			return null;
		}

		return wp.data.select('core/block-editor');
	}

	/**
	 * Return the current top-level editor blocks when the store is available.
	 *
	 * @returns {Array} Top-level block list.
	 */
	function getEditorBlocks() {
		const select = getBlockEditorSelect();
		if (!select || typeof select.getBlocks !== 'function') {
			return [];
		}

		return select.getBlocks() || [];
	}

	/**
	 * Return the live client ID registered to a UUID, pruning stale entries.
	 *
	 * @param   {string} uuid Candidate UUID.
	 * @returns {string}      Live owning client ID, or an empty string.
	 */
	function getRegisteredClient(uuid) {
		const candidate = typeof uuid === 'string' ? uuid.trim() : '';
		if (!candidate) {
			return '';
		}

		const registeredClient = SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry[candidate];
		if (!registeredClient) {
			return '';
		}

		const select = getBlockEditorSelect();
		if (!select || typeof select.getBlock !== 'function') {
			return registeredClient;
		}

		if (select.getBlock(registeredClient)) {
			return registeredClient;
		}

		delete SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry[candidate];
		return '';
	}

	/**
	 * Release a UUID registry entry only when it still belongs to this client.
	 *
	 * @param {string} uuid     Candidate UUID to release.
	 * @param {string} clientId Gutenberg client ID expected to own the UUID.
	 * @returns {void}
	 */
	function releaseUuidOwnership(uuid, clientId) {
		const candidate = typeof uuid === 'string' ? uuid.trim() : '';
		if (!candidate) {
			return;
		}

		if (SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry[candidate] === clientId) {
			delete SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry[candidate];
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return true when a block is a nested core/list living under a list item.
	 *
	 * @param   {string} clientId Gutenberg client ID for the current block.
	 * @param   {string} name     Block name.
	 * @returns {boolean}         True when the block must remain non-owning.
	 */
	function isNonOwningNestedListBlock(clientId, name) {
		if (name !== 'core/list') {
			return false;
		}

		const select = getBlockEditorSelect();
		if (!select || typeof select.getBlockParents !== 'function' || typeof select.getBlock !== 'function') {
			return false;
		}

		const parentIds = select.getBlockParents(clientId) || [];
		return parentIds.some(parentId => select.getBlock(parentId)?.name === 'core/list-item');
	}

	/**
	 * Remember the canonical owner UUID associated with a list client ID.
	 *
	 * @param {string} clientId Gutenberg client ID.
	 * @param {string} uuid     Canonical owner UUID, or empty to clear.
	 * @returns {void}
	 */
	function rememberListOwner(clientId, uuid) {
		const ownerUuid = typeof uuid === 'string' ? uuid.trim() : '';
		if (!ownerUuid) {
			delete SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry[clientId];
			return;
		}

		SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry[clientId] = ownerUuid;
	}

	/**
	 * Find the owning root list UUID for a nested list block.
	 *
	 * @param   {string} clientId Gutenberg client ID for the nested list block.
	 * @returns {string}          Root list UUID for adoption, or empty.
	 */
	function getInheritedListOwnerUuid(clientId) {
		const select = getBlockEditorSelect();
		if (!select || typeof select.getBlockParents !== 'function' || typeof select.getBlock !== 'function') {
			return SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry[clientId] || '';
		}

		const parentIds = select.getBlockParents(clientId) || [];
		for (const parentId of parentIds) {
			const parentBlock = select.getBlock(parentId);
			if (!parentBlock || parentBlock.name !== 'core/list') {
				continue;
			}

			const parentAttrs = parentBlock.attributes || {};
			const ownerUuid = String(
				parentAttrs.mwpSfeUuid
				|| parentAttrs.mwpSfeUuidShadow
				|| SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry[parentId]
				|| ''
			).trim();

			if (ownerUuid) {
				return ownerUuid;
			}
		}

		return SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry[clientId] || '';
	}

	/**
	 * Return a previously inherited owner UUID when a nested list becomes root.
	 *
	 * @param   {string} clientId Gutenberg client ID for the current block.
	 * @param   {string} name     Block name.
	 * @returns {string}          Adoptable UUID, or empty.
	 */
	function getPromotedListOwnerUuid(clientId, name) {
		if (name !== 'core/list' || isNonOwningNestedListBlock(clientId, name)) {
			return '';
		}

		const ownerUuid = String(SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry[clientId] || '').trim();
		if (!ownerUuid) {
			return '';
		}

		const registeredClient = getRegisteredClient(ownerUuid);
		if (registeredClient && registeredClient !== clientId) {
			return '';
		}

		return ownerUuid;
	}

	/**
	 * Generate a UUID matching the PHP-side format exactly.
	 *
	 * @param   {string} elementCode Handler element type code.
	 * @returns {string}             Fresh UUID.
	 */
	function generateStrictUuid(elementCode) {
		const chars = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
		let random  = '';
		for (let i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
			random += chars.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * 62));
		}
		return currentPostId + '-' + elementCode + '-' + random;
	}

	/**
	 * Return whether one schema-declared block is Gutenberg's unmodified default
	 * block and must remain transient until the author changes it.
	 *
	 * Gutenberg reuses its unmodified default block as the bottom-of-canvas
	 * writing surface. Adding a persisted UUID attribute makes that block real
	 * content, causing the editor to create another default block below it on
	 * every subsequent click. The eligible block type comes from its PHP schema;
	 * Gutenberg's generic predicate determines its current state.
	 *
	 * @param   {Object} block Candidate editor block.
	 * @returns {boolean} True when UUID assignment must wait for a real edit.
	 */
	function shouldDeferDefaultBlockUuidAssignment(block) {
		const attrs = block?.attributes || {};

		return (
			Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pristineDefaultBlocks, block?.name) &&
			!String(attrs.mwpSfeUuid || '').trim() &&
			!String(attrs.mwpSfeUuidShadow || '').trim() &&
			wp.blocks.isUnmodifiedDefaultBlock(block)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Queue one attribute update only when the target values actually change.
	 *
	 * @param {Object} pendingUpdates Accumulator keyed by client ID.
	 * @param {Object} block          Current block object.
	 * @param {Object} patch          Partial attrs to apply.
	 * @returns {void}
	 */
	function queueAttributeUpdate(pendingUpdates, block, patch) {
		if (!block?.clientId || !patch || typeof patch !== 'object') {
			return;
		}

		const attrs = block.attributes || {};
		const next  = pendingUpdates[block.clientId] ? { ...pendingUpdates[block.clientId] } : {};
		let changed = false;

		Object.keys(patch).forEach(key => {
			if (attrs[key] !== patch[key] || next[key] !== patch[key]) {
				next[key] = patch[key];
				changed   = true;
			}
		});

		if (changed) {
			pendingUpdates[block.clientId] = next;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Apply queued block-attribute updates through the editor store.
	 *
	 * @param   {Object} pendingUpdates Attr patches keyed by client ID.
	 * @returns {boolean}               True when any update was dispatched.
	 */
	function applyPendingUpdates(pendingUpdates) {
		const clientIds = Object.keys(pendingUpdates);
		if (!clientIds.length || !wp?.data?.dispatch) {
			return false;
		}

		const dispatcher = wp.data.dispatch('core/block-editor');
		if (!dispatcher || typeof dispatcher.updateBlockAttributes !== 'function') {
			return false;
		}

		clientIds.forEach(clientId => {
			// UUID repair must not create its own undo level. The duplicate action
			// should be the only persistent history entry; otherwise undo restores
			// stale duplicate UUIDs and this reconciler keeps generating new ones.
			if (typeof dispatcher.__unstableMarkNextChangeAsNotPersistent === 'function') {
				dispatcher.__unstableMarkNextChangeAsNotPersistent();
			}
			dispatcher.updateBlockAttributes(clientId, pendingUpdates[clientId]);
		});

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Reconcile one block and its descendants against the canonical UUID rules.
	 *
	 * @param   {Object} block                                  Gutenberg block object.
	 * @param   {Object} context                                Traversal context.
	 * @param   {Object} context.pendingUpdates                 Pending attr patches keyed by client ID.
	 * @param   {Object} context.seenUuids                      UUIDs already claimed in this pass.
	 * @param   {Object} context.nextUuidRegistry               Registry snapshot being rebuilt.
	 * @param   {Object} context.nextListOwnerRegistry          List-owner snapshot being rebuilt.
	 * @param   {string} context.inheritedListOwnerUuid         Canonical root-list UUID for descendants.
	 * @returns {string}                                        Final UUID that descendants should inherit.
	 */
	function reconcileBlockTreeNode(block, context) {
		if (!block || !block.clientId || !block.name) {
			return context.inheritedListOwnerUuid || '';
		}

		const {
			pendingUpdates,
			seenUuids,
			nextUuidRegistry,
			nextListOwnerRegistry,
			inheritedListOwnerUuid
		} = context;
		const attrs          = block.attributes || {};
		const currentUuid    = typeof attrs.mwpSfeUuid === 'string' ? attrs.mwpSfeUuid.trim() : '';
		const shadowUuid     = typeof attrs.mwpSfeUuidShadow === 'string' ? attrs.mwpSfeUuidShadow.trim() : '';
		const isSupported    = supportedBlocks.includes(block.name);

		let resolvedListOwnerUuid = inheritedListOwnerUuid || '';

		if (!isSupported) {
			(block.innerBlocks || []).forEach(innerBlock => {
				reconcileBlockTreeNode(innerBlock, {
					pendingUpdates,
					seenUuids,
					nextUuidRegistry,
					nextListOwnerRegistry,
					inheritedListOwnerUuid: resolvedListOwnerUuid
				});
			});

			return resolvedListOwnerUuid;
		}

		const elementCode    = supportedMap[block.name];
		const expectedPrefix = currentPostId + '-' + elementCode + '-';
		const deferDefaultBlockUuidAssignment = shouldDeferDefaultBlockUuidAssignment(block);

		let effectiveUuid       = currentUuid;
		let effectiveShadowUuid = shadowUuid;

		if (isNonOwningNestedListBlock(block.clientId, block.name)) {
			const inheritedOwner = resolvedListOwnerUuid || getInheritedListOwnerUuid(block.clientId);
			if (inheritedOwner) {
				rememberListOwner(block.clientId, inheritedOwner);
				nextListOwnerRegistry[block.clientId] = inheritedOwner;
			}

			if (currentUuid || shadowUuid) {
				queueAttributeUpdate(pendingUpdates, block, {
					mwpSfeUuid:       '',
					mwpSfeUuidShadow: ''
				});
			}

			(block.innerBlocks || []).forEach(innerBlock => {
				reconcileBlockTreeNode(innerBlock, {
					pendingUpdates,
					seenUuids,
					nextUuidRegistry,
					nextListOwnerRegistry,
					inheritedListOwnerUuid: inheritedOwner
				});
			});

			return inheritedOwner;
		}

		const promotedListOwnerUuid = getPromotedListOwnerUuid(block.clientId, block.name);

		if (!effectiveUuid && !effectiveShadowUuid && promotedListOwnerUuid) {
			effectiveUuid       = promotedListOwnerUuid;
			effectiveShadowUuid = promotedListOwnerUuid;
		} else if (!effectiveUuid && !effectiveShadowUuid && !deferDefaultBlockUuidAssignment) {
			effectiveUuid       = generateStrictUuid(elementCode);
			effectiveShadowUuid = effectiveUuid;
		} else if (!effectiveUuid && effectiveShadowUuid) {
			effectiveUuid = effectiveShadowUuid;
		}

		if (effectiveUuid && !effectiveUuid.startsWith(expectedPrefix)) {
			releaseUuidOwnership(effectiveUuid, block.clientId);
			effectiveUuid       = generateStrictUuid(elementCode);
			effectiveShadowUuid = effectiveUuid;
		}

		const existingOwnerClientId = effectiveUuid ? (seenUuids[effectiveUuid] || '') : '';
		if (effectiveUuid && existingOwnerClientId && existingOwnerClientId !== block.clientId) {
			effectiveUuid       = generateStrictUuid(elementCode);
			effectiveShadowUuid = effectiveUuid;
		}

		if (effectiveUuid && effectiveShadowUuid !== effectiveUuid) {
			effectiveShadowUuid = effectiveUuid;
		}

		if (effectiveUuid) {
			seenUuids[effectiveUuid]        = block.clientId;
			nextUuidRegistry[effectiveUuid] = block.clientId;
			if (block.name === 'core/list') {
				resolvedListOwnerUuid = effectiveUuid;
			}
		}

		if (block.name === 'core/list' && resolvedListOwnerUuid) {
			rememberListOwner(block.clientId, resolvedListOwnerUuid);
			nextListOwnerRegistry[block.clientId] = resolvedListOwnerUuid;
		}

		if (effectiveUuid !== currentUuid || effectiveShadowUuid !== shadowUuid) {
			queueAttributeUpdate(pendingUpdates, block, {
				mwpSfeUuid:       effectiveUuid,
				mwpSfeUuidShadow: effectiveShadowUuid
			});
		}

		(block.innerBlocks || []).forEach(innerBlock => {
			reconcileBlockTreeNode(innerBlock, {
				pendingUpdates,
				seenUuids,
				nextUuidRegistry,
				nextListOwnerRegistry,
				inheritedListOwnerUuid: resolvedListOwnerUuid
			});
		});

		return resolvedListOwnerUuid;
	}

	/**
	 * Rebuild UUID ownership from the live editor tree and repair invalid attrs.
	 *
	 * @returns {boolean} True when any block attrs were updated.
	 */
	function reconcileEditorBlockTree() {
		const blocks = getEditorBlocks();
		if (!blocks.length) {
			SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry = {};
			SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry = {};
			return false;
		}

		const pendingUpdates        = {};
		const seenUuids             = {};
		const nextUuidRegistry      = {};
		const nextListOwnerRegistry = {};

		blocks.forEach(block => {
			reconcileBlockTreeNode(block, {
				pendingUpdates,
				seenUuids,
				nextUuidRegistry,
				nextListOwnerRegistry,
				inheritedListOwnerUuid: ''
			});
		});

		SFE.blockEditorUuidRegistry          = nextUuidRegistry;
		SFE.blockEditorListOwnershipRegistry = nextListOwnerRegistry;

		return applyPendingUpdates(pendingUpdates);
	}

	/**
	 * Build one lightweight signature for UUID-relevant editor state.
	 *
	 * @param   {Array}  blocks Top-level editor blocks.
	 * @returns {string}        Stable signature string.
	 */
	function buildUuidStateSignature(blocks) {
		const parts = [];

		(function walk(nodes) {
			(nodes || []).forEach(block => {
				if (!block?.clientId || !block?.name) {
					return;
				}

				const attrs = block.attributes || {};
				parts.push([
					block.clientId,
					block.name,
					attrs.mwpSfeUuid || '',
					attrs.mwpSfeUuidShadow || '',
					shouldDeferDefaultBlockUuidAssignment(block) ? 'deferred-default' : ''
				].join('|'));

				if (block.innerBlocks?.length) {
					walk(block.innerBlocks);
				}
			});
		})(blocks);

		return parts.join('||');
	}

	/**
	 * Start one shared store subscriber for UUID reconciliation.
	 *
	 * @returns {void}
	 */
	function bootUuidReconciler() {
		if (!wp?.data?.subscribe) {
			return;
		}

		let isReconciling         = false;
		let isReconcileScheduled  = false;
		let lastObservedSignature = '';

		/**
		 * Execute one reconciliation pass against the live editor tree.
		 *
		 * @returns {void}
		 */
		function runReconcile() {
			if (isReconciling) {
				return;
			}

			isReconciling = true;
			try {
				reconcileEditorBlockTree();
				lastObservedSignature = buildUuidStateSignature(getEditorBlocks());
			} finally {
				isReconciling = false;
			}
		}

		/**
		 * Coalesce rapid store changes into one scheduled reconciliation pass.
		 *
		 * @returns {void}
		 */
		function scheduleReconcile() {
			if (isReconcileScheduled) {
				return;
			}

			isReconcileScheduled = true;
			window.setTimeout(() => {
				isReconcileScheduled = false;
				runReconcile();
			}, 0);
		}

		runReconcile();

		wp.data.subscribe(() => {
			if (isReconciling) {
				return;
			}

			const nextSignature = buildUuidStateSignature(getEditorBlocks());
			if (nextSignature === lastObservedSignature) {
				return;
			}

			lastObservedSignature = nextSignature;
			scheduleReconcile();
		});
	}

	bootUuidReconciler();
	SFE.BlockEditorUuid = {
		supportedBlocks,
		reconcileEditorBlockTree
	};

})();

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flex;justify-content: flex-end;}.ast-comment-list .comment-awaiting-moderation {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-comment {padding: 0 ;}.ast-comment-info img {border-radius: 50%;}.ast-comment-cite-wrap cite {font-style: normal;}.comment-reply-title {font-weight: 600;line-height: 1.65;}.ast-comment-meta {margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area .comment-form-comment {width: 100%;border: none;margin: 0;padding: 0;}.comments-area .comment-notes,.comments-area .comment-textarea,.comments-area .form-allowed-tags {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.comments-area .form-submit {margin-bottom: 0;}.comments-area textarea#comment,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"] {width: 100%;border-radius: 0;vertical-align: middle;margin-bottom: 10px;}.comments-area .no-comments {margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area p.logged-in-as {margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list {padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .children li,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .children li {padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .comment-respond {padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 1em;background-color: transparent;}.ast-comment-list .comment .comment-respond {padding-bottom: 2em;border-bottom: none;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor {padding: 2em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0 0 0 2em;}.comment-content a {word-wrap: break-word;}.comment-form-legend {margin-bottom: unset;padding: 0 0.5em;}.comment-reply-title {padding-top: 0;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-comment {padding-top: 2.5em;padding-bottom: 2.5em;border-top: 1px solid var(--ast-single-post-border,var(--ast-border-color));}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .comment + .comment,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list .comment + .comment {padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-plain-container .ast-comment,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment {padding: 2em 0;}.page.ast-page-builder-template .comments-area {margin-top: 2em;}.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 2em;}@media (max-width: 992px) {.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 1em;}}.ast-comment-list #cancel-comment-reply-link {white-space: nowrap;font-size: 13px;font-weight: normal;margin-left: 1em;}.ast-comment-info {display: flex;position: relative;}.ast-comment-meta {justify-content: right;padding: 0 3.4em 1.60em;}.comments-area #wp-comment-cookies-consent {margin-right: 10px;}.ast-page-builder-template .comments-area {padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 2em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor .bypostauthor {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding-right: 0;padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li .comment-respond{padding-left:2.66666em;padding-right:2.66666em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{margin-bottom:0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li{padding:0 0 0 .5em;}.ast-comment-list .children{margin-left:0.66666em;}}
				.ast-comment-cite-wrap cite {
					font-weight: 600;
					font-size: 1.2em;
				}
				.ast-comment-info img {
					box-shadow: 0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);
					border: 1px solid var(--ast-single-post-border, var(--ast-border-color));
				}
				.ast-comment-info {
					margin-bottom: 1em;
				}
				.logged-in span.ast-reply-link {
					margin-right: 16px;
				}
				a.comment-edit-link, a.comment-reply-link {
					font-size: 13px;
					transition: all 0.2s;
				}
				header.ast-comment-meta {
					text-transform: inherit;
				}
				.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment-list .children {
					margin-top: 0em;
				}
				.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment-meta {
					padding: 0 22px;
				}
				.ast-comment-content.comment p {
					margin-bottom: 16px;
				}
				.ast-comment-list .ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap {
					justify-content: flex-start;
					align-items: center;
				}
				.comment-awaiting-moderation {
					margin-top: 20px;
				}
				.entry-content ul li, .entry-content ol li {
					margin-bottom: 10px;
				}
				.comment-respond {
					padding-top: 2em;
					padding-bottom: 2em;
				}
				.ast-comment-list + .comment-respond {
					border-top: 1px solid var(--ast-single-post-border, var(--ast-border-color));
					padding-bottom: 0;
				}
				.comment .comment-reply-title {
					display: flex;
					align-items: center;
					justify-content: space-between;
				}
				@media(min-width: 545px) {
					header.ast-comment-meta {
						display: flex;
						width: 100%;
						margin-bottom: 0;
						padding-bottom: 0;
						align-items: center;
					}
					a.comment-reply-link {
						padding: 1px 10px;
						display: block;
						border-radius: 3px;
						border: none;
					}
					.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1, .ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 {
						margin-bottom: 0;
					}
					.ast-comment-time {
						display: flex;
						margin-left: auto;
						font-weight: 500;
					}
					section.ast-comment-content.comment {
						padding-left: 50px;
					}
					.ast-comment .comment-reply-link:hover {
						background: var(--ast-global-color-0);
						color: #fff;
					}
					.ast-comment .comment-edit-link:hover {
						text-decoration: underline;
					}
					svg.ast-reply-icon {
						fill: currentColor;
						margin-right: 5px;
						padding-top: 2px;
						transition: none;
					}
					.comment-reply-link:hover .ast-reply-icon {
						fill: #fff;
					}
				}
				@media(min-width: 921px) {
					.ast-comment-cite-wrap {
						margin-left: -7px;
					}
					section.ast-comment-content.comment {
						padding-left: 70px;
					}
				}
			@media (max-width:921px){.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.comments-area{margin-top:1.5em;}.ast-comment-meta{padding:0 1.8888em 1.3333em;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap{margin-right:0.5em;}}:root {--ast-single-post-border: #e1e8ed;}.entry-content > * {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.entry-content :where(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6) {margin-top: 1.5em;margin-bottom: calc(0.3em + 10px);}code,kbd,samp {background: var(--ast-code-block-background);padding: 3px 6px;}.ast-row.comment-textarea fieldset.comment-form-comment {border: none;padding: unset;margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.entry-content .wp-block-image,.entry-content .wp-block-embed {margin-top: 2em;margin-bottom: 3em;}:root {--ast-single-post-nav-padding: 4em 0 0;}.ast-single-post .ast-post-format-content {max-width: 100%;}.post-navigation + .comments-area {border-top: none;padding-top: 5em;}.single .post-navigation a p {margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0;text-transform: initial;line-height: 1.65em;font-weight: normal;}.single .post-navigation a .ast-post-nav {font-weight: 600;display: block;text-transform: uppercase;font-size: 0.85em;letter-spacing: 0.05em;}.single .post-navigation a svg {top: .125em;width: 1em;height: 1em;position: relative;fill: currentColor;}.page-links .page-link:hover,.single .post-navigation a:hover {color: var(--ast-global-color-1);}@media( min-width: 320px ) {.single .post-navigation .nav-previous a {text-align: left;padding-right: 20px;}.single .post-navigation .nav-next a {text-align: right;padding-left: 20px;}.comment-navigation .nav-previous:after,.post-navigation .nav-previous:after {position: absolute;content: "";top: 25%;right: 0;width: 1px;height: 50%;background: var(--ast-single-post-border,var(--ast-border-color));}}@media( max-width: 544px ) {.single .post-navigation .nav-links {-js-display: inline-flex;display: inline-flex;width: 100%;padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;}.single .post-navigation a p {display: none;}.single .post-navigation .nav-previous {margin-bottom: 0;}}@media( min-width: 421px ) {.single .post-navigation a {max-width: 80%;width: 100%;}.post-navigation a {font-weight: 500;font-size: 16px;}}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='astra-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat%3A700%2C600&#038;display=swap&#038;ver=4.13.0' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hfe-widgets-style-css' href='https://a2gsolutions.com/wp-content/plugins/header-footer-elementor/inc/widgets-css/frontend.css?ver=2.9.2' media='all' />
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'>

	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://a2gsolutions.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.7' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aioseo/css/src/vue/standalone/blocks/table-of-contents/global.scss-css' href='https://a2gsolutions.com/wp-content/plugins/all-in-one-seo-pack/dist/Lite/assets/css/table-of-contents/global.e90f6d47.css?ver=5.0.1.1' media='all' />
<style id='global-styles-inline-css'>
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0: var(--ast-global-color-0);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1: var(--ast-global-color-1);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2: var(--ast-global-color-2);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3: var(--ast-global-color-3);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4: var(--ast-global-color-4);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5: var(--ast-global-color-5);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6: var(--ast-global-color-6);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7: var(--ast-global-color-7);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8: var(--ast-global-color-8);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 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100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size); }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: none;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: 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			<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">The Founding of YouTube A Short History</h1><div class="entry-meta">By <span class="posted-by vcard author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author">			<a title="View all posts by Abhi Jain"
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				Abhi Jain			</span>
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		 / <span class="posted-on"><span class="published" itemprop="datePublished"> July 6, 2026 </span></span></div>
			
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		<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/">YouTube</a>&nbsp;is one of the most influential platforms in modern media, but its origin story is surprisingly simple: a small team wanted an easier way to share video online. In the early 2000s, uploading and sending video files was slow, formats were inconsistent, and most websites weren&rsquo;t built for smooth playback. YouTube&rsquo;s founders focused on removing those barriers&mdash;making video sharing as easy as sending a link.</p>
<div id="ez-toc-container" class="ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction">
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<p class="ez-toc-title" style="cursor:inherit">Table of Contents</p>
<span class="ez-toc-title-toggle"><a href="#" class="ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle" aria-label="Toggle Table of Content"><span class="ez-toc-js-icon-con"><span class=""><span class="eztoc-hide" style="display:none;">Toggle</span><span class="ez-toc-icon-toggle-span"><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="list-377408" width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none"><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class="arrow-unsorted-368013" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10px" height="10px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.2" baseProfile="tiny"><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href="#Who_Founded_YouTube" >Who Founded YouTube?</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href="#The_Problem_YouTube_Solved" >The Problem YouTube Solved</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href="#Early_Growth_and_the_First_Video" >Early Growth and the First Video</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href="#Key_Milestones_Timeline" >Key Milestones Timeline</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href="#Why_Google_Bought_YouTube" >Why Google Bought YouTube</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href="#What_YouTubes_Founding_Changed" >What YouTube&rsquo;s Founding Changed</a></li></ul></nav></div>
<h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Who_Founded_YouTube"></span>Who Founded YouTube?<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2>
<p>YouTube was founded by three former PayPal employees: <strong>Chad Hurley</strong>, <strong>Steve Chen</strong>, and <strong>Jawed Karim</strong>. They combined product thinking, engineering skills, and a clear user goal: create a website where anyone could upload a video and watch it instantly in a browser.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Chad Hurley</strong> &mdash; product/design focus and early CEO role</li>
<li><strong>Steve Chen</strong> &mdash; engineering and infrastructure</li>
<li><strong>Jawed Karim</strong> &mdash; engineering and early concept support</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="The_Problem_YouTube_Solved"></span>The Problem YouTube Solved<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2>
<p>At the time, sharing video often meant emailing huge files or dealing with complicated players and downloads. YouTube made video:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Uploadable</strong> by non-experts (simple interface)</li>
<li><strong>Streamable</strong> in the browser (no special setup)</li>
<li><strong>Sharable</strong> through links and embedding on other sites</li>
</ol>
<h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Early_Growth_and_the_First_Video"></span>Early Growth and the First Video<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2>
<p>YouTube launched publicly in 2005. One of the most famous early moments was the first uploaded video, &ldquo;Me at the zoo,&rdquo; featuring co-founder Jawed Karim. The clip was short and casual&mdash;exactly the kind of everyday content that proved the platform&rsquo;s big idea: ordinary people could publish video without needing a studio.</p>
<h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Key_Milestones_Timeline"></span>Key Milestones Timeline<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6">
<tr>
Year/Date<br />
Milestone<br />
Why It Mattered<br />
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2005</td>
<td>YouTube is founded and launches</td>
<td>Introduced easy browser-based video sharing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2005</td>
<td>&ldquo;Me at the zoo&rdquo; is uploaded</td>
<td>Became a symbol of user-generated video culture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2006</td>
<td>Google acquires YouTube</td>
<td>Provided resources to scale hosting and global reach</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Why_Google_Bought_YouTube"></span>Why Google Bought YouTube<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2>
<p>By 2006, YouTube&rsquo;s traffic was exploding. Video hosting is expensive&mdash;bandwidth and storage costs rise fast when millions of people watch content daily. Google&rsquo;s acquisition gave YouTube the infrastructure and advertising ecosystem to grow into a sustainable business.</p>
<h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="What_YouTubes_Founding_Changed"></span>What YouTube&rsquo;s Founding Changed<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2>
<p>YouTube didn&rsquo;t just create a popular website; it reshaped how people learn, entertain themselves, and build careers online. Its founding helped accelerate:</p>
<ul>
<li>Creator-driven media and influencer culture</li>
<li>How-to education and free tutorials at massive scale</li>
<li>Music discovery, commentary, and global community trends</li>
</ul>
<p>From a small startup idea to a global video powerhouse, YouTube&rsquo;s founding is a classic example of a simple product solving a real problem&mdash;and changing the internet in the process.</p>
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